IMP DEFINATIONS
Virtues are high moral actions which society, religion and sometime we ourselves
want to achieve as an individual.
Virtues are possessed by someone and are exhibited by his/her actions.
For ex.Ramayana says that Virtue expected from a king is honesty, truthfulness,
rectitude (Maryada), and care for subjects etc.
Values: Value or Value system is notion a society that what ideal behaviour is.
Like Indian value system asks one to respect system. Value system is like rules
unlike Virtues which are actions.
Ethics: it is knowledge or ability to judge right/wrong based on the knowledge acquired through our education system or cognition. Hence, Ethics or being ethical is not action but a mentality unlike virtues.
Success is a destination which one thinks of achieving it with some efforts. Often people go rough and sad while in the path of achieving success which is not correct, because the journey should be hardworking but at the same time enlightening and happy rather than sadness, tensed and aloofness.
Some Virtues that individual needs to strive for:
1.Patience is the key, Failure may come and go but we must be patient and hardworking all
along.
2.Honesty because success achieved with honesty is long lived otherwise success achieved
with immoral actions is shortlived.
3.Wider vision toward goal and its efficacy: this is very important, if our goal is narrow vision and not well thought, then we may start looking for other goal abandoning the earlier achievements. This is not good use of our energy and waste of opportunity for others who deserved and worked hard for the goal we achieved and now abandoning.
Morality: principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or
good and bad behaviour.
Attitude: a settled way of thinking or believing about a thing
Benevolence: desire to do good to others; goodwill; charitableness; kindness
Courteous: polite, respectful, or considerate in manner.
Conscience: a person's moral sense of right and wrong, viewed as acting as a
guide to one's behavior.
Contentment: a state of happiness and satisfaction.
Compassion : sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings of others
Empathy : the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
Sympathy : feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune.
Empathy is the ability to mutually experience the thoughts, emotions, and direct
experience of others. It goes beyond sympathy, which is a feeling of care and
understanding for the suffering of others. Both words have similar usage but differ in their
emotional meaning.
Empathy is when you try to understand how the particular individual may be
feeling. By showing your empathy, you are creating a passive emotion towards an individual.
Although you feel the same emotions, you do not take actions on your feelings;
you do nothing to alleviate the emotions of the person you are feeling empathy
for.
Compassion is a word used to express the same feeling as empathy. Yet when
you feel compassion, you have more of a desire to take action. You can
understand a person’s pain. You place yourself in the shoes of the individual, but
you feel that you want to achieve more. Compassion is an emotion which calls for
action.
Both sympathy and empathy are acts of feelings. With sympathy though, you
feel for the person. You pity or feel sorry for them but you do not necessarily
understand what they are actually feeling. As a result of this you tend to have no
choice but feel sympathetic for the person because you do not understand the
problem or predicament that they are presently having.
With empathy to an extent you are placing yourself in the persons place, you have
a good sense of how they feel, and you also understand their feelings to some
degree.
Courage: the quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face difficulty,
danger, pain, etc., without fear
Convenience : the state of being able to proceed with something without
difficulty. Ease. Comfort
Complacency : an instance of usually unaware selfsatisfaction.
Confidence In Reason: Confidence that, in the long run, one's own higher
interests and those of humankind at large will be best served by giving the freest
play to reason, by encouraging people to come to their own conclusions by
developing their own rational faculties; faith that, with proper encouragement
and cultivation, people can learn to think for themselves, to form rational
viewpoints, draw reasonable conclusions, think coherently and logically,
persuade each other by reason and become reasonable persons, despite the deep
seated obstacles in the native character of the human mind and in society as we
know it.
Caring: displaying kindness and concern for others.
Commitment: the quality of being dedicated to a cause, activity, etc.
Dexterity : skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands.
Discretion the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation.
Dignity: the quality of being worthy of honor or respect.
Discipline: to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct
disobedience.
Excellence : the quality of being outstanding or extremely good.
Equality : the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities.
Equity : Equity represents fairness with consideration for weaker sections. It
focuses on equality of outcomes. This involves factoring in aspects of the system
that have put particular groups at a disadvantage.
According to cognitive versions of ethical subjectivism, the truth of moral
statements depends upon people's values, attitudes, feelings, or beliefs.
According to the ethical objectivist, the truth or falsity of typical moral
judgments does not depend upon the beliefs or feelings of any person or group of
persons.
Fair mindedness: Having a consciousness of the need to treat all viewpoints
alike, without reference to one's own feelings or vested interests, or the feelings or
vested interests of one's friends, community or nation; implies adherence to
intellectual standards without reference to one's own advantage or the advantage
of one's group.
Fairness: is the quality of making judgments that are free from discrimination.
Favoritism: the practice of giving unfair preferential treatment to one person or
group at the expense of another.
Honesty : Quality of being free of deceit; truthful and sincere.
Humanity: the quality of being humane; benevolence; compassion
Humanism: a rationalist outlook attaching prime importance to human rather
than divine or supernatural matters.
Involvement : participating
Intelligence : the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
Integrity : the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.
Intellectual Humility: Having a consciousness of the limits of one's
knowledge, including a sensitivity to circumstances in which one's native ego-centrism is likely to function self deceptively; sensitivity to bias, prejudice and
limitations of one's viewpoint. Intellectual humility depends on recognizing that
one should not claim more than one actually knows.
It does not imply spinelessness or submissiveness. It implies the lack of intellectual
pretentiousness, boastfulness, or conceit, combined with insight into the logical
foundations, or lack of such foundations, of one's beliefs.
Intellectual Courage: Having a consciousness of the need to face and fairly
address ideas, beliefs or viewpoints toward which we have strong negative
emotions and to which we have not given a serious hearing. This courage is
connected with the recognition that ideas considered dangerous or absurd are
sometimes rationally justified (in whole or in part) and that conclusions and
beliefs inculcated in us are sometimes false or misleading. To determine for
ourselves which is which, we must not passively and uncritically "accept" what we
have "learned." Intellectual courage comes into play here, because inevitably we
will come to see some truth in some ideas considered dangerous and absurd, and
distortion or falsity in some ideas strongly held in our social group. We need
courage to be true to our own thinking in such circumstances. The penalties for
non-conformity can be severe.
Intellectual Empathy: Having a consciousness of the need to imaginatively put
oneself in the place of others in order to genuinely understand them, which requires the consciousness of our egocentric tendency to identify truth with our immediate perceptions of long standing thought or belief.
This trait correlates with the ability to reconstruct accurately the viewpoints and reasoning
of others and to reason from premises, assumptions, and ideas other than our own. This
trait also correlates with the willingness to remember occasions when we were wrong in the past despite an intense conviction that we were right, and with the ability to imagine our being similarly deceived in a case at hand.
Intellectual Autonomy: Having rational control of one's beliefs, values, and
inferences, The ideal of critical thinking is to learn to think for oneself, to gain
command over one's thought processes. It entails a commitment to analyzing and
evaluating beliefs on the basis of reason and evidence, to question when it is
rational to question, to believe when it is rational to believe, and to conform when
it is rational to conform.
Intellectual Integrity: Recognition of the need to be true to one's own
thinking; to be consistent in the intellectual standards one applies; to hold one's
self to the same rigorous standards of evidence and proof to which one holds
one's antagonists; to practice what one advocates for others; and to honestly
admit discrepancies and inconsistencies in one's own thought and action.
Intellectual Perseverance: Having a consciousness of the need to use
intellectual insights and truths in spite of difficulties, obstacles, and frustrations;
firm adherence to rational principles despite the irrational opposition of others; a
sense of the need to struggle with confusion and unsettled questions over an
extended period of time to achieve deeper understanding or insight.
Impartiality (also called even handedness or fairmindedness) is a principle of
justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on
the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another
for improper reasons.
Justice : Conformity to moral rightness in action or attitude; righteousness
Lawfulness: being in harmony with the law
Loyalty: a strong feeling of support or allegiance.
Liberal : willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's
own; open to new ideas.
Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of
others, towards the achievement of a goal
Moral universalism (also called moral objectivism or universal morality) is the
metaethical position that some system of ethics, or a universalethic, applies universally, that is, for "all similarly situated individuals", regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or any other distinguishing feature.
Objectivity : Striving (as far as possible or practicable) to reduce or eliminate
biases, prejudices, or subjective evaluations by relying on verifiable data.
Openness is an overarching concept or philosophy that is characterized by an
emphasis on transparency and free unrestricted access to knowledge and
information as well as collaborative or cooperative management and decision
making rather than a central authority.
Punctuality is the characteristic of being able to complete a required task or
fulfill an obligation before or at a previously designated time. "Punctual" is often
used synonymously with "on time"
Peace is an occurrence of harmony characterized by lack of violence, conflict
behaviors and the freedom from fear of violence.
Perseverance continued effort to do or achieve something despite difficulties,
failure, or opposition
Persuasion: the action or process of persuading someone or of being persuaded
to do or believe something.
Persuade: induce (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument.
Probity : the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency.
Rectitude: morally correct behaviour or thinking; righteousness.
Resilience : an ability to adjust easily to misfortune or difficulties.
Reason: the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments
logically
Righteousness : the quality of being morally right or justifiable.
Rationality is the quality of being reasonable, based on facts or reason.
Responsibility vs Accountability
The main difference between responsibility and accountability is that
responsibility can be shared while accountability cannot. Being accountable not
only means being responsible for something but also ultimately being answerable
for your actions. Also, accountability is something you hold a person to only after
a task is done or not done.
Responsibility can be before and/or after a task.
In ethics and governance, accountability is answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and the expectation of account giving.
Responsibility may refer to: being in charge, being the owner of a task or event.
Respect: a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by
their abilities, qualities, or achievements.
Selflessness : having little or no concern for oneself, especially with regard to
fame, position, money
Selfrighteous: having or characterized by a certainty, especially an unfounded
one, that one is totally correct or morally superior.
Spirit of Service: opening your heart, your mind, your resources to the needs of
others.
Solidarity: mutual support within a group, especially among individuals with a
common interest
Transparency operates in such a way that it is easy for others to see what
actions are performed
Truth: being in accord with fact or reality
Utilitarianism: the doctrine that actions are right if they are for the benefit of a
majority. The doctrine that an action is right in so far as it promotes happiness,
and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding
principle of conduct.
Uprightness: the condition or quality of being honorable or honest; rectitude.
Basic Values:
Nolan committee defined standards of public life which serves as a foundation of
probity in governance. According to him, "7 principles of Public Life" needed are:
1. Objectivity
2. Selflessness
3. Honesty
4. Integrity
5. Leadership
6. Accountability
7. Openness
OSHILAO
Duty Vs Responsibility:
Both duty and responsibility are one's obligation as
both denote something expected out of a person.
However, responsibility involves a sense of ''ownership'' and duty a sense of ''Imposition''.
Example : while payment of tax is a civic 'duty' for every citizen not all understand the
'responsibility' attached to it which leads to tax avoidance and evasion
Distributive Vs Procedural Justice:
Distributive justice is an act to even out
Inequality and Inequity. Procedural Justice is ''fairness'' in a process towards an
outcome which includes the process towards distributive justice
Example : The food security schemes are an act towards Distributive justice, a fair
process to avoid inclusion and exclusion errors (thus avoiding any procedural
discrimination) in such schemes is Procedural Justice
Justice Vs Beneficence:
Justice is being treated fairly as a matter of explicit or natural right, beneficence is being kind to the other person in charity.
Example : Equal pay for equal work is Justice, an extra monetary/nonmonetary
benefit to a worker in need is Beneficence.
Rule Vs Principle
Principles are generalised statements on which concrete
rules (norms, laws)are based.
Example : Speedy disposal of cases is a universally accepted ''Principle'' of
Justice, however the same may not be followed unless concretised as a 'Rule'.
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