ANSWER WRITING- GS-1

                                                         
                                RIVER ISSUES 

1. India faces the dual problems of droughts and floods. In light of this discuss the importance of river inter-linking in India. 

India has limited water resources. Every year India face situation of floods and droughts in different parts. The interlinking of river project can resolve this issue. It is a geo-engineering project, which aims to link two or more rivers by creating a network of manually created canals. It is based on the concept of diverting surplus water in some rivers to deficit rivers by creating a network of canals to interconnect the rivers.

Importance and advantages of interlinking River project:

1. Agricultural Crisis: Linking of rivers will reduce dependence of farmers on

uncertain monsoon rains. It will provide irrigation to many areas. The land under irrigation will increase by about 15%. It will lead to additional irrigation of 35 million hectares in the water-scarce western and peninsular regions.

                                                            

2. Socio-economic Benefits: By creating network of canal, flood and drought problem will be resolved by channeling excess water to scarce areas. This will help in saving lives and will reduce economic loss that occur due to floods and droughts.

3. Energy security: With creation of new dams and canals to link and store water, it will lead to generation of hydroelectricity that will help in providing energy security. The river interlinking project will generate power of about 34,000 MW (34 GW).

4. Transport: Newly created network of canals will open up new routes and ways of water for navigation which is generally more efficient and cheaper compared to road transport. 15,000 km of river and 10,000 km of navigation will be developed. Thereby reducing the transportation cost.

5. Water security: It will provide drinking water to many. By interlinking rivers scarce area will get more water that is usually wasted in oceans. It will also lead to ground water recharging.

6. Inclusive Economic growth: Interlinking of rivers will provide employment

opportunities. It will help in flourishing agriculture and thereby create livelihood. It would also create aquatic ecosystems which will support fishery sector. It is expected to generate opportunities in manufacturing sector, transportation and tourism through development of regions around the region.

7. Environmental benefits: Large scale afforestation around the renewed rivers and newly drained area will make environment more green. It will help in boosting biodiversity around the rivers.

Some issues related to Interlinking of Rivers:

1. Environmental costs: It will result in massive diversion of forest areas and

submergence of land leading to deforestation and soil erosion. Further water flowing into the sea is a crucial link in the water cycle. Interlinking of rivers will hinder with water cycle, thereby disturbing ecological balance. There will be damage to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem and will cause habitat destruction that will endanger biodiversity.

2. Economic Costs: Interlinking of rivers is a costly project. Huge expenditure of the project and the maintenance costs will lead to huge financial burden. This may generate fiscal problems to the government which would be difficult to handle.

3. Social Costs: River Interlinking will lead to displacement of the people. Their rehabilitation will not be easy. The construction of reservoirs and river linking canals will displace millions of people and will submerge large areas of forest,agriculture and non-agriculture land, thereby endangering livelihoods of many. It will lead to psychological and cultural damage due to forced resettlement of local tribal community.

4. Political Costs: It will lead to increased water disputes among various states. In India, there is a history of dispute over water in the states like the Cauvery water dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu or the dispute over the Chambal River in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Some of the Interlinking projects may lead to strained relationship with neighbouring countries like Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh. For such a big project the consent at the international level also becomes mandatory.

India's river linking project is the need of the hour which can solve dual problem of droughts and floods. Formation of River Basin Authority for coordinated action and subsequent building up of consensus among concerned States is needed. Rehabilitation and appropriate afforestation is important to make this project successful at low social and environmental cost

2. Dirty rivers in India reflect the failure of society and governance at local and national level.” Comment. 

Rivers are lifelines of an ever growing Indian population. Rivers are basis of civilisation since ancient times. Clean rivers are must to support life and healthy ecosystem. Unfortunately in India more than half of the rivers are polluted. Pollution in rivers can be attributed to societal failure as a whole and governance failure especially at local level.

Societal failure:

1. Domestic wastes and sewage is one of the main reason of river pollution originating form household.

2. Careless behaviour and irresponsible attitude towards rivers has led to river

pollution.

3. Rampant use of fertilisers and pesticides used in field percolate to rivers. Inability to educate farmers about consequences of indiscriminate use has led to poor state of rivers.

4. Superstition like bathing in Ganga help in getting rid of all sins and lack of efforts to remove such superstition has polluted rivers.

5. Inability to understand one’s duty to keep rivers clean and littering here and there, especially at tourist places has led to dirty rivers.

Failure of governance:

1. According to the recent finding of the Central Pollution Control Board that the number of critically polluted segments of India‟s rivers has risen to 351 from 302, 2 years ago is a reflection of the governance failure for keeping rivers clean.

2. The data show that the plethora of laws enacted to regulate waste management and protect water quality are simply not working.

3.The failure of many national programmes run by the Centre for river conservation, preservation of wetlands, and water quality monitoring can be attributed to corruption, ineffective law implementation and failure of bureaucracy.

4. The problems are worsened by the poor infrastructure available in a large number of cities and towns located near rivers.

5. Managing sewage requires steady funding of treatment plants for all urban

agglomerations that discharge their waste into rivers, and also reliable power

supply. Unfortunately funds are unavailable either due to low taxes or lack of fund devolution. Further funds which are available are not used properly in an effective way

6. Country’s waterways have also suffered badly in recent years, with vast quantities of municipal and industrial waste discharged into them every day. Government has failed to stop such industries. Lack of punishment, inspections encourage them to continue dumping in the rivers.

7. Low priority accorded to enforcement of laws by the SPCBs and Pollution Control Committees. This has led to inefficiencies.

Measures are urgently needed to revive India’s many dying rivers, protect its agriculture, and prevent serious harm to public health from contaminated water. Sustained civil society pressure on governments is vital to ensure that this is done in a time-bound manner. India is already facing threat of water crisis. A proactive role need to be played by government and society.