Skip to main content

Posts

15th finance commission report

  About the report: The main report is titled “ Finance Commission in Covid Times ” which depicts a set of scales on its cover to denote balance between the Union and the States. Along with it,  two more volumes as part of its submissions  have been presented. The first one focuses on the State of the Union government’s finances, with an in-depth scrutiny of key departments, the medium-term challenges facing the Centre and a roadmap for the future. The second volume is entirely dedicated to States, with the finances of each analysed in great depth. The panel has come up with  State-specific considerations  to address the key challenges that individual States face. All  terms of reference (ToR)  such as considering a new non-lapsable fund for financing national security and defence spending and offering performance incentives for States that deliver on reforms are considered. Apart from the vertical and horizontal tax devolution, local government grants...

VIRUSES

 VIRUSES         ·         All viruses, for example, live inside host cells, whereas bacteria very rarely do. Viruses, bacteria and fungi multiply very quickly, while worms multiply very slowly in comparison. Taxonomically, all bacteria are closely related to each other than to viruses and vice versa. This means that many important life processes are similar in the bacteria group but are not shared with the virus group. As a result, drugs that block one of these life processes in one member of the group is likely to be effective against many other members of the group. But the same drug will not work against a microbe belonging to a different group of antibiotics. They commonly block biochemical pathways important for bacteria. Many bacteria, for example, make a cell-wall to protect themselves. The antibiotic penicillin blocks the bac...

IMMUNITY & IMMUNISATION

  IMMUNITY & IMMUNISATION      Microbes vs Pathogen: ·         Microbes are simple microorganisms - unicellular or multicellular ·         Pathogens are disease causing microbes o    Bacteria, Fungus, Virus, Protozoa ·         Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes ·         Bacteriophage : Virus infecting Bacteria ·         Retrovirus o    goes against the Central Dogma of Life (DNA => RNA => Protein) o    RNA has genetic material o    Can undergo Reverse Transcription Antigen:       ·         Substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response (to produce an antibody). o    surface proteins, antibody generation ·    ...